Paper 2 · Commerce · Code 08
UGC NET Paper 2 — Commerce (08)
Commerce (subject code 08) is the subject paper (Paper 2) for candidates in this subject. It carries 100 questions for 200 marks (+2 per correct answer, no negative marking), attempted together with Paper 1 in the single 180-minute combined session. The syllabus below is the verified official syllabus, organised unit-wise; chapters and practice questions appear as they are published, and nothing is marked complete before it exists.
100 questions
200 marks · +2 per correct · No negative marking · Paper 2 within the 180-min combined session
10 units · 41 topics
Full syllabus below, with topic summaries
40 practice questions · 41 premium chapters
Easy 15 · Medium 19 · Hard 6 — all original practice; verified PYQs live separately in the PYQ Library
Syllabus
Complete syllabus — all units and topics
Topic summaries are the unit study material already published on NETSaathi. Weightage badges are platform estimates from past-question frequency — they are not NTA guarantees.
Unit 1: Business Environment and International Business
व्यावसायिक वातावरण और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार · 4 bank questions · 4 premium chapters- Business environment: concepts and elements — Economic environment (economic systems, monetary and fiscal policies), political environment and role of government, legal environment (Consumer Protection Act, FEMA), socio-cultural factors, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).High weightage
- International business: scope, globalisation, entry modes — Scope and importance of international business, globalisation and its drivers, modes of entry, theories of international trade, government intervention, tariff and non-tariff barriers, and India’s foreign trade policy.High weightage
- FDI, FPI and balance of payments — Foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment: types, costs and benefits to home and host countries, trends, and India’s FDI policy; balance of payments: importance and components.Medium
- Regional integration and international institutions — Levels of regional economic integration, trade creation and diversion, regional agreements (EU, ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA), and institutions: IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD and WTO (functions, Agriculture Agreement, GATS, TRIPS, TRIMS).Medium
Business environment: concepts and elements → premium chapter · free preview · ~12 min
International business: scope, globalisation, entry modes → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
FDI, FPI and balance of payments → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Regional integration and international institutions → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Unit 2: Accounting and Auditing
लेखांकन और अंकेक्षण · 4 bank questions · 5 premium chapters- Basic accounting principles and partnership accounts — Basic accounting principles, concepts and postulates; partnership accounts: admission, retirement, death, dissolution and insolvency of firms.High weightage
- Corporate accounting — Issue, forfeiture and reissue of shares, liquidation of companies, acquisition, merger, amalgamation and reconstruction, and holding company accounts.High weightage
- Cost and management accounting — Marginal costing and break-even analysis, standard costing, budgetary control, process costing, activity based costing (ABC), costing for decision-making, life cycle costing, target costing, Kaizen costing and JIT.High weightage
- Financial statement analysis and standards — Ratio analysis, funds flow analysis and cash flow analysis; human resources, inflation and environmental accounting; Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS.Medium
- Auditing and recent trends — Independent financial audit, vouching, verification and valuation of assets and liabilities, audit of financial statements and audit report, cost audit; recent trends: management, energy, environment, systems and safety audit.Medium
Basic accounting principles and partnership accounts → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Corporate accounting → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Cost and management accounting → premium chapter · free preview · ~15 min
Financial statement analysis and standards → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Auditing and recent trends → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Unit 3: Business Economics
व्यावसायिक अर्थशास्त्र · 4 bank questions · 4 premium chapters- Meaning, scope and objectives of the firm — Meaning and scope of business economics and the objectives of business firms.Medium
- Demand analysis and consumer behaviour — Law of demand, elasticity of demand and its measurement, relationship between AR and MR; consumer behaviour: utility analysis and indifference curve analysis.High weightage
- Production and cost theories — Law of variable proportions, law of returns to scale, and short-run and long-run cost curves.High weightage
- Market forms and pricing strategies — Price determination under perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly (price leadership model) and monopoly, price discrimination; pricing strategies: skimming, penetration and peak load pricing.High weightage
Meaning, scope and objectives of the firm → premium chapter · free preview · ~12 min
Demand analysis and consumer behaviour → premium chapter · free preview · ~15 min
Production and cost theories → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Market forms and pricing strategies → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Unit 4: Business Finance
व्यावसायिक वित्त · 4 bank questions · 3 premium chapters- Sources of finance, cost of capital, capital structure — Scope and sources of finance, lease financing, cost of capital and time value of money, and capital structure.High weightage
- Capital budgeting, working capital and dividend decisions — Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis, working capital management, dividend theories and policies, risk and return analysis, and asset securitisation.High weightage
- International finance — International monetary system, foreign exchange market, exchange rate risk and hedging techniques, international financial markets and instruments (Euro currency, GDRs, ADRs), international arbitrage and multinational capital budgeting.Medium
Sources of finance, cost of capital, capital structure → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Capital budgeting, working capital and dividend decisions → premium chapter · free preview · ~15 min
International finance → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Unit 5: Business Statistics and Research Methods
व्यावसायिक सांख्यिकी और शोध विधियाँ · 4 bank questions · 4 premium chapters- Central tendency, dispersion, skewness, correlation — Measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, measures of skewness, and correlation and regression of two variables.High weightage
- Probability and probability distributions — Approaches to probability, Bayes’ theorem, and binomial, Poisson and normal distributions.High weightage
- Research, data and sampling — Research: concept, types and designs; data collection and classification; sampling and estimation: probability and non-probability methods, sampling distribution, central limit theorem, standard error and statistical estimation.Medium
- Hypothesis testing and report writing — Hypothesis testing: z-test, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test (U test), Kruskal-Wallis test (H test) and rank correlation test; report writing.High weightage
Central tendency, dispersion, skewness, correlation → premium chapter · free preview · ~15 min
Probability and probability distributions → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Research, data and sampling → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Hypothesis testing and report writing → premium chapter · free preview · ~15 min
Unit 6: Business Management and Human Resource Management
व्यावसायिक प्रबंधन और मानव संसाधन प्रबंधन · 4 bank questions · 5 premium chapters- Principles and functions of management — Principles and functions of management, organisation structure (formal and informal organisations, span of control), responsibility and authority, delegation of authority and decentralisation.High weightage
- Motivation, leadership, governance and ethics — Motivation and leadership: concept and theories; corporate governance and business ethics.Medium
- Human resource management — HRM: concept, role and functions; human resource planning; recruitment and selection; training and development; succession planning.High weightage
- Compensation and performance appraisal — Compensation management: job evaluation, incentives and fringe benefits; performance appraisal including 360-degree appraisal; collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management.Medium
- Organisational behaviour and change — Personality, perception, attitudes, emotions, group dynamics, power and politics, conflict and negotiation, stress management; organisational culture, organisational development and organisational change.Medium
Principles and functions of management → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Motivation, leadership, governance and ethics → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Human resource management → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Compensation and performance appraisal → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Organisational behaviour and change → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Unit 7: Banking and Financial Institutions
बैंकिंग और वित्तीय संस्थाएँ · 4 bank questions · 4 premium chapters- Indian financial system and RBI — Overview of the Indian financial system; types of banks: commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks, foreign banks and cooperative banks; Reserve Bank of India: functions, role and monetary policy management.High weightage
- Banking sector reforms — Banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms, risk management and NPA management.Medium
- Financial markets, institutions and regulators — Financial markets: money market, capital market and government securities market; financial institutions: DFIs, NBFCs, mutual funds and pension funds; financial regulators in India; financial sector reforms including financial inclusion.Medium
- Digitisation of banking and insurance — Digitisation of banking and other financial services: internet banking, mobile banking and digital payment systems; insurance: life and non-life types, risk classification and management, re-insurance, and IRDA and its role.Medium
Indian financial system and RBI → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Banking sector reforms → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Financial markets, institutions and regulators → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Digitisation of banking and insurance → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Unit 8: Marketing Management
विपणन प्रबंधन · 4 bank questions · 4 premium chapters- Marketing concepts, mix and planning — Marketing: concept and approaches, marketing channels, marketing mix, strategic marketing planning, and market segmentation, targeting and positioning.High weightage
- Product and pricing decisions — Product decisions: concept, product line, product mix decisions, product life cycle and new product development; pricing decisions: factors affecting price determination, pricing policies and strategies.High weightage
- Promotion and distribution decisions — Promotion: role of promotion, advertising, personal selling, publicity, sales promotion tools and techniques, and promotion mix; distribution: channels of distribution and channel management.Medium
- Consumer behaviour, services, trends and logistics — Consumer behaviour and buying process and factors influencing buying decisions; service marketing; trends in marketing: social, online, green, direct and rural marketing and CRM; logistics management.Medium
Marketing concepts, mix and planning → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Product and pricing decisions → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Promotion and distribution decisions → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Consumer behaviour, services, trends and logistics → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Unit 9: Legal Aspects of Business
व्यवसाय के कानूनी पहलू · 4 bank questions · 4 premium chapters- Indian Contract Act, 1872 — Elements of a valid contract, capacity of parties, free consent, discharge of a contract, breach of contract and remedies, quasi contracts, and special contracts: indemnity and guarantee, bailment and pledge, and agency.High weightage
- Sale of Goods Act and Negotiable Instruments Act — Sale of Goods Act, 1930: sale and agreement to sell, doctrine of caveat emptor, rights of unpaid seller and buyer; Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: types of instruments, negotiation and assignment, dishonour and discharge.Medium
- Companies Act, LLP and Competition Act — The Companies Act, 2013: nature and kinds of companies, formation, management, meetings and winding up; Limited Liability Partnership: structure and formation procedure in India; Competition Act, 2002: objectives and main provisions.Medium
- IT Act, RTI Act, IPRs and GST — Information Technology Act, 2000: objectives, main provisions, cyber crimes and penalties; RTI Act, 2005; Intellectual Property Rights: patents, trademarks and copyrights and emerging issues; Goods and Services Tax: objectives, main provisions, benefits and dual GST mechanism.Medium
Indian Contract Act, 1872 → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Sale of Goods Act and Negotiable Instruments Act → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Companies Act, LLP and Competition Act → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
IT Act, RTI Act, IPRs and GST → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Unit 10: Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning
आयकर और कॉर्पोरेट कर नियोजन · 4 bank questions · 4 premium chapters- Income-tax: basics and computation — Income-tax: basic concepts, residential status and tax incidence, exempted incomes, agricultural income, computation of taxable income under various heads, deductions from gross total income, assessment of individuals, and clubbing of incomes.High weightage
- International taxation — Double taxation and its avoidance mechanism, and transfer pricing.Medium
- Corporate tax planning — Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning, tax avoidance versus tax evasion, techniques of corporate tax planning, and tax considerations in specific situations: make or buy, own or lease, retain, renewal or replacement of an asset, and shut down or continue operations.High weightage
- TDS, advance tax and filing — Deduction and collection of tax at source, advance payment of tax, and e-filing of income-tax returns.Medium
Income-tax: basics and computation → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
International taxation → premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min
Corporate tax planning → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
TDS, advance tax and filing → premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min
Study material
Free sample material
Business environment: concepts and elements
Premium chapter · free preview · ~12 min · Unit 1
Read free previewInternational business: scope, globalisation, entry modes
Premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min · Unit 1
Read free previewRegional integration and international institutions
Premium chapter · free preview · ~13 min · Unit 1
Read free previewBasic accounting principles and partnership accounts
Premium chapter · free preview · ~14 min · Unit 2
Read free previewPremium detailed material — preview
Premium chapters are published for this subject: 41 topic chapters, each with a free preview; the full chapter, diagrams, worked problems and practice questions unlock with Premium.
Commerce Test Series — ₹499 ₹999 · Unlocks all premium chapters (Commerce) for 365 days
Premium packs are on sale — checkout works (test mode). Buying is optional: the notes and practice above stay free during launch.
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Sample MCQs from the real bank
These are original practice questions with original explanations — not official NTA questions. The full bank for this subject holds 40 questions.
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Unit-wise tests
Full mock — not published yet
A 100-question full mock needs a much larger bank than the 40 questions published for this subject today, so no full mock is linked here. Unit tests above are available wherever bank questions exist. The combined 150-question mock covers Paper 1 + CS only.
Premium question bank — preview
Premium will add difficulty-wise sets, numerical and analytical sets where the syllabus needs them, and full detailed solutions for every question. The 40 questions above are the free bank available today; premium sets are not published yet, so nothing here is locked that you already need.
Previous year questions
PYQ section
Verified official PYQs — see the live count
A question is only listed as an official PYQ when its original paper and final answer key have been verified. The PYQ Library shows the live published count and the papers themselves — open it to see what is verified for this subject. Until then, nothing here is presented as an official NTA paper, and no year or session is attached to any practice question. NetSaathi is not affiliated with NTA/UGC.
Open PYQ pageStrategy
Preparation strategy for this subject
- Start with the high-weightage topics — Business environment: concepts and elements, International business: scope, globalisation, entry modes, Basic accounting principles and partnership accounts, Corporate accounting, Cost and management accounting — and finish their chapter previews first.
- Read one unit, then test it the same day: each unit page ends with its own unit test, so gaps show up while the material is fresh.
- Use the unit-wise result report: after every test, revise the units where accuracy is lowest before starting a new unit.
- Attempt every question in mocks: there is no negative marking, so an unattempted question is a guaranteed zero.
- Finish with unit tests: take every available unit test under timed conditions; full mocks for this subject arrive once the bank is large enough for a 100-question paper.
Revision
Important topics & revision resources
Important topics (high weightage)
- Unit 1: Business environment: concepts and elements
- Unit 1: International business: scope, globalisation, entry modes
- Unit 2: Basic accounting principles and partnership accounts
- Unit 2: Corporate accounting
- Unit 2: Cost and management accounting
- Unit 3: Demand analysis and consumer behaviour
- Unit 3: Production and cost theories
- Unit 3: Market forms and pricing strategies
- Unit 4: Sources of finance, cost of capital, capital structure
- Unit 4: Capital budgeting, working capital and dividend decisions
- Unit 5: Central tendency, dispersion, skewness, correlation
- Unit 5: Probability and probability distributions
- Unit 5: Hypothesis testing and report writing
- Unit 6: Principles and functions of management
- Unit 6: Human resource management
- Unit 7: Indian financial system and RBI
- Unit 8: Marketing concepts, mix and planning
- Unit 8: Product and pricing decisions
- Unit 9: Indian Contract Act, 1872
- Unit 10: Income-tax: basics and computation
- Unit 10: Corporate tax planning
Revision resources
- Premium chapters (41) → free previews; full chapters unlock with Premium.
- Study planner → plan revision around the exam countdown.