Development models, poverty and labour

Development is not only growth in national income; it is a contested model of what a good society should be, who benefits, and who bears the cost. This chapter compares growth-led, welfare-led and sustainable models, explains poverty and exclusion beyond income, and traces changing labour relations from factories to gig work. A construction worker moving between sites, for example, experiences development as insecurity, not only as new buildings. It also compares who benefits from growth and who is left insecure.