Western schools and founding paths

Western psychology did not arrive as one science but as rival schools: Wundt's structuralism dissected consciousness, James's functionalism asked what the mind is for, Freud uncovered the unconscious, Gestalt saw wholes, behaviourism banished the mind, and the cognitive revolution brought it back. For example, a behaviourist and a Gestalt psychologist watching the same learning experiment would disagree about what is even happening. This chapter maps the schools and the four founding paths behind them.