Ambedkar, Upadhyaya, Narayana Guru and others

This chapter covers reformers who turned philosophy into social emancipation: Ambedkar's attack on caste, Upadhyaya's integral humanism, and Narayana Guru's call for one caste, one religion, one God, alongside Phule, Roy, Azad and others. For example, Ambedkar argued that caste cannot be reformed by goodwill alone because it is religiously sanctioned, so it must be annihilated. Each thinker links spiritual freedom to concrete social equality.