Management: concept, process, theories, roles

Management is the process of getting work done through people by planning, organising, leading and controlling the use of resources to reach goals efficiently and effectively. Efficiency means doing things right, with minimum waste; effectiveness means doing the right things, reaching the intended goal. Worked example: a factory that cuts cost by using thinner material is efficient, but if customers reject the weaker product, it is not effective — good management needs both. Managers work through a process, not by accident: they set goals, arrange resources, guide people and check results, then correct the course.