Instructional design models

Instructional design is the engineering of learning: analysing what learners need, designing experiences to meet it, developing materials, implementing them, and evaluating the result. Without design, teaching is improvisation; with it, every activity has a purpose. Worked example: a teacher who analyses that pupils confuse area and perimeter, designs a hands-on measuring task, develops a worksheet, tries it, and checks the confusion is gone has followed the design cycle — even without naming ADDIE.